ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to compare the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of three different Portland cement, which was analyzed using XRP, comparative strength test, sieve residue test, percentage free lime, percentage So3 in which the result of strength of three different cement, in day 1 Sokoto Cement has made 10.1833N/Nm2 While JK Water proof and White Cement is 0.7667 N/Nm2 and 0.6538 N/Nm2 respectively. The variation is very high which is resulted due to the rapid hardening of Sokoto Cement and very slow setting time of JK water proof and White Cement, the Sokoto Cement has reached the standard in one day strength which is 8-9 N/Nm2 While JK and White Cement reach only 0% of the standard which shows that setting time of JK and White Cement is very slow in which resulted the lower strength of the 2 Cement, In day 2 the Sokoto Cement reached the strength of 21.3 N/Nm2 while JK water proof and White Cement are at the strength of 0.77 N/Nm2 and 0.68 N/Nm2 which is almost the same as the strength of day 1, its only Sokoto Cement reach the standard again which is 8-9 N/Nm2 , but JK water proof has made a little change but White Cement remain constant Sokoto Cement can be regarded as the cement with higher quality then the two other products and is suitable for all infrastructures mostly in the area where there is less Water.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page ………………………………………………………………………………..………………….i
Certification……………………………………………………………………………….………………….ii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………..………………iii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………..…………..iv
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..…………….……v
Table of content……………………………………………………………………..………….vi-viii
List of table…………………………………………………………………………..………………..ix
List of chart……………………………………………………………………………………………..x
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..………………………1
1.2 Types of Portland cement…………………………………………..………………1-3
1.3 History of cement………………………………………………………..………………3-4
1.4 Hydration of cement……………………………………………………………………4-5
1.5 Literature review……………………………………………………………………………6-8
1.6 Aims and objectives………………………………………………………………………8
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Materials and methods……………………………………………….………………9
2.1 Physic chemical properties of cement…………………………………..11
2.2 Strength………………………………………………………………………………………..11
2.3 Soundness……………………………………………………………………………………..12
2.4 Finest………………………………………………………………………………………………12
2.5 Lost on ignition………………………………………………………..…………………12
2.6 XRF………………………………………………………………………………..……………..13
2.7 Sieve residue……………………………………………………………………………….14
CHAPTER THREE
4.0 Result and discussion…………………………………………………………………………15
4.1 Result…………………………………………………………………….……………………15=16
4.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………………..……………………17
4.3 Calcium content of three different Cement…………………………………………………..17
4.4 Comparative strength of three different Cement…………………………………………….17
4.5 Lost on ignition………………………………………………………………………………18
4.5 Sieve residue…………………………………………………………………………………18
4.6 Free lime……………………………………………………………………………………18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Conclusion and recommendation…………………………………………………………….20
4.1Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………20
4.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………….20
References…………………………………………………………………………………21=22
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………..23-26
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Cement is a finely ground inorganic material which when mixed with water forms a paste which sets hardens by means of hydration reactions and processes in which after hardening retains its strength and stability even under water (Mehta and Montero, 1993).
Also Cement is a substance applied to the surface of solid bodies to make them cohere firmly’ or, more specifically, a powdered substance which, made plastic with water, is used in a soft and pasty state (which hardens on drying) to bind together bricks, stones, etc in building (lea, 1970).
The raw material used in the manufacture of ordinary Portland cement is limestone. Limestone is composed of calcium carbonates and mechanically admired clay and sand ( Kakali, Tsivilis, Aggeli and Bati, 2000).
1.2 TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Portland Cement is a closely controlled chemical combination of Calcium, Silicon, Aluminium, iron and small amounts of other compounds, to which Gypsum is added in the final grinding process to regulate the setting time of the concrete. Some of the raw materials used to manufacture cement are limestone, shells, and chalk or marl, combined with shale, clay, slate or blast furnace slag, Silica Sand, and Iron Ore. Lime and Silica make up approximately 85 percent of the mass. (Mehta and Montero, 1993).
TYPE I (Ordinary Portland cement) is a general purpose Portland cement suitable for all uses where the special properties of other types are not required. It has fairly high C3S content for good early strength development. It is used where cement or concrete is not subject to specific exposures, such as Sulfate attack from soil or water, or to an objectionable temperature rise due to heat generated by hydration. Its uses include pavements and sidewalks, reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, railway structures, tanks, reservoirs, culverts, sewers, water pipes and masonry units (ASTM, 2000).
TYPE II (Modified cement) Portland cement is used where precaution against moderate Sulfate attack is important, as in drainage structures where sulfate concentrations in ground waters are higher than normal but not unusually severe. Type II cement will usually generate less heat at a slower rate than Type I it has Low C3A content. With this moderate heat of hydration (an optional requirement), Type II cement can be used in structures of considerable mass, such as large piers, heavy abutments, and heavy retaining walls. Its use will reduce temperature rise especially important when the concrete is placed in warm weather. (Moriki, 2017).
TYPE III (Rapid hardening cement). Is a high-early strength Portland cement that provides high strengths at an early period, usually a week or less It is used when forms are to be removed as soon as possible, or when the structure must be put into service quickly it has Low content of C3S (<50 %) and C3A. In cold weather, its use permits a reduction in the controlled curing period. Although richer mixtures of Type I cement can be used to gain high early strength, Type III, high early-strength Portland cement, may provide it more satisfactorily and more economically. ( Kakali, Tsivilis Aggeli and Bati, 2000).
TYPE IV (Low heat cement) is a low heat of hydration cement for use where the rate and amount of heat generated must be minimized. It develops strength at a slower rate than Type I cement. Type IV Portland cement is intended for use in massive concrete structures, such as large gravity dams, where the temperature rise resulting from heat generated during curing is a critical factor. (Moriki, 2017).
TYPE V (Sulfate-resisting cement) used only in concrete exposed to severe sulfate action principally where soils or ground waters have a high sulfate content (Mehta and Montero, 1993).
1.3 HISTORY OF CEMENT
Cement has been around for at least 12 Million years when the earth it self undergoing geological changes natural cement was being created. It was this natural cement that human first put to use. Eventually they discovered how to make cement form other materials (Mehta and Montero, 1993). In 1200000 BC, reaction between limestone and oil shale during spontaneous combustion occurred in Palestine to form a natural deposit of cement compounds. The deposits were characterized by the geologist in the 1960s and 1970s. In 300BC Egyptians used mud mixed with straw to bind dried bricks. They also used gypsum mortar and mortar of lime in the pyramid. In the same year Chinese used cementations materials to hold the bamboo together in their boats and in the great walls. In 800BC Greeks and Cyprus used lime mortars which were much harder than later Roman mortars. In 1200 BC the quality of cementing materials is deteriorated (Tsivilis, Kakali, Chaniotakis and Souvaridou, 1998).
In 1838, young chemical engineer, Isaac Johnson, burned the raw cement material at a high temperature until the mass was nearly vitrified .In 1840 Joseph aspirins son William aspirin bottle kiln plant in north fleet England.
In 1890 the addition of gypsum when grinding clinker to act as retardant to the setting was introduced in (U S A) In the same year ball mills were used for grinding Portland cement.
In 1960 XRF for chemical analysis was introduced.
In 1970 fiber reinforcement was introduced in concrete. In 1980 high efficient separator was introduced for cement grinding also pre calciner process was developed (Alkourd and hammad, 2009).
1.4 HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Cement derives it is strength from chemical reactions between cement and water the process known as hydration. Cement grains get into contact with water and may begins to form a strong network structure which is responsible for strength when Portland cement is mixed with water its chemical compound constituents undergo a series of chemical reactions that cause it to harden. This chemical reaction with water is called hydration (Mehta and Montero, 1993). Each one of these reactions occurs at a different time and rate. Together, the results of these reactions determine how Portland cement hardens and gains strength
• Hydration starts as soon as the cement and water are mixed.
• The rate of hydration and the heat liberated by the reaction of each compound is different.
• Each compound produces different products when it hydrates.
Cement Consists Of The Following Major Compounds
• Tri-Calcium Silicate (C3S). Hydrates and hardens rapidly and is largely responsible for initial set and early strength. Portland cements with higher percentages of C3S will exhibit higher early strength. Tri-calcium aluminates (C3A). Hydrates and hardens the quickest. Liberates a large amount of heat almost immediately and contributes somewhat to early strength. Gypsum is added to Portland cement to retard C3A hydration. Without gypsum, C3A hydration would cause Portland cement to set almost immediately after adding water.
• Dicalcium Silicate (C2S). Hydrates and hardens slowly and is largely responsible for strength increases beyond one week.
• Tetra Calcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF). Hydrates rapidly but contributes very little to strength. Its use allows lower kiln temperatures in Portland cement manufacturing. Most Portland cement color effects are due to C4AF. (Mehta And Montero, 1993).
1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW
The particle size distribution of the Portland lime-stone cement, as well as the fineness of clinker and limestone, is strongly connected with the limestone content and the fineness of the cements.
The limestone cement indicates satisfactory strength and generally demands less water than the relative pure cements.
The limestone addition improves the clinker reactivity and the exploitation of its hydraulic potential.
The Portland limestone indicates competitive concrete properties and improves the durability of the concrete. (Mehta And Montero, 1993).
Lime stone is an important factor in the hydration of C3A, as well as C3s and C2S in the presence of CaSO4 and lime.
Limestone fills the pores between the cement particles due to the formation of carbonaluminate phase.
Limestone addition leads to an increase of lime librated from cement pastes.
The replacement of OPC by 20 wt % of Homra increases the compressive strength. (Heikal, El-didamony and morsy, 2009).
Strength is the most important of all properties of cement.
The strength of cement is measured on mortar specimens made of cement and standard sand (silica)
Standard sand is used for finding the strength of cement. Standard sand should be pure free from any organic matter, it should have at least 98 % silica and 0.2 % moisture, free from silt content, shall be light, grey or white in color, it shall be 100 % retained on 90 macron sieve and shall be of quartz.( Kakali, Tsivilis Aggeli and Bati, 2000)
Any structure has to have longer life that is it has to be durable, durability depends on how sound is the material used may be cement sand aggregate. As for cement is concerned the soundness depends on its ingredient especially excess of unborn lime, magnesia and gypsum present in cement cause unsoundness. These materials expand in the structure and thus the concrete or mortar also expands causing disintegration. (ASTM, 2000)
Normally free lime( calcium oxide) is present in clinker whereas in the cement a major portion of it is present as Calcium hydroxide. This is due to the fact that during the process of hydration it absorbs the water either from the gypsum ( moisture content) or from the high temperature developed during the process of grinding (Tsivilis, Kakali, Chaniotakis and Souvaridou, 1998).
An increase in free lime increases the proportion of C2S and decreases the proportion of C3S in the clinker. C3S is much more reactive than C2S and is a more important contributor for 1 day strength.
Considering the fact that the cement contains high free lime it will result in Unsoundness in the cement produced. It gives volume instability leading to cracking. Hence the impact of free lime on the cement and the concrete will be Faster setting time, Higher heat of hydration, Lower strength levels with a brownish grey tinge in the color.
The last steps in the manufacture of cement are the grinding of clinker mixed with gypsum.
Strength development of concrete is the result of the reactions of water with cement particles. The reactions always start with the cement available at the surface of the particles. Thus larger the surface area available for reaction greater the rate of hydration; Rapid development of strength requires grater degree fineness. However too much fineness is also considerable, Finer cement deteriorates more quickly when exposed to air and is likely to cause more shrinkage, but less prone to bleeding (CCNN, 2009).
LOI is a test design to measure the amount of impurities or impurities lost when the sample is ignited under a specified condition.
It represents the % weight loss suffered by a sample of cement after heating to 1000 degree. Any water bonded to hydrate, volatile substances will escape above this temperature until it’s mass ceases to change. The test is typically consist of placing a few grams of sample in a pre ignited platinum crucible and determine its mass by placing it in a temperature controlled furnace for a set time of 30 minutes. (Mehraj and bath, 2013)
Fineness is important as it affects –
the rate of hydration – high fineness (residue) will decrease the rate of hydration.
. Cost – fineness can increase the cost of grinding with increase in fineness
Increasing the cement fineness means increasing in drying shrinkages (Mehta and Monteiro, 1993).
1.6 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEACH
The aim of this research is to compare the chemical composition and physic chemical properties of three different Portland cement
The objectives are as follows:
(1) To determine the chemical composition of the Portland cement.
(2) To compare the one with higher quality.
 |
| Chart 3.1Comparative strength of three different Portland cement (N/Nm2) |
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD
2.1 MATERIALS
2.1.1 APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS
Table2.1 show the list of Apparatus
S/N
APPARATUS
MODEL
MANUFACTURER
1.
Beakers
Glass
Pyrex, England
2.
Burette
Glass
Pyrex, England
3.
Pipette
Glass
Pyrex, England
4.
Funnels
Glass
Pyrex, England
5.
Platinum Crucible
Metal
Ohaus, china
6.
Filter paper
Paper
Pyrex, England
7.
Weighing balance
DT 100
Ohaus, china
8.
Measuring cylinder
Glass
Pyrex, England
9.
Electric finance
Glass
Thermo scientific Germany
10.
Alpha jet sieve machine
Gm009
Gerhardt, Germany
11.
XRF spectrometer
ARL
Thermo, Germany
Table 2.2 Chemical and Reagent
S/N
REAGENT/CHEMICALS NAME
FORMULA
%PURITY
MANUFACTURER
1.
Sodium borate
NaBO3
70%
BDH, England
2.
Perchloric acid/ hydrogen tetraoxochlorate(viii) acid
HClO4
60%
BDH, England
3.
phosphoric acid
H3PO4
85%
BDH, England
4.
sulphuric acid/tetraoxosulphate (vi)
H2SO4
98%
M&B, England
5.
sodium hydroxide
NaOH
99.5%
BDH, England
6.
Ferrous sulphate /iron (ii) sulphate
FeSO4
85%
M&B, England
7.
Hydrochloric acid
HCl
36%
BDH, England
8.
Boric acid indicator
H3BO3
99.5%
M&B, England
9.
Hydrochloric acid
HCL
33%
Fissons plc, India
10.
Ethylene glycol
———
30-40%
Fluka,swizerland
11.
Ethylene diamine tetracetic acid
EDTA
98%
BDH, England
12.
Distilled water
———
———
——–
13.
potassium dichromate
K2Cr2O7
99.7%
Essex, England
2.0 Physico chemical properties of cement
Strength
Setting time
Soundness
Finnes
STRENGTH
Aim – Determination of compressive strength of a given cement sample.
Procedure
– 1350 +- 5 g of the standard sand weighed
– 450 +- 2 g of the cement sample also weighed
– 225 +- 1 g of clean water also weighed
– the prism mould on jolting apparatus was mounted and screwed.
– the above weighed proportions (sand cement and water) has mixed on mixing bowl using an automatic mixer, half of mixture was transferred into three compartments of the prism mould and jolt for one minute (this is done to reduce the air bubbles on the prism cubes)
the remaining mixture was transferred in to the compartments and jolt again for one minute.
After which the mixture was levelled on the prism mould with a trowel.
the specimen is covered with glass plate and cured in 24 H curing chamber for 24 hours.
Demould and cured in water at different periods that is one day and 2 days ( this is done to allow the hydration to continue and observed the development of strength gain of the mortar cubes over a time) (Habib And Vikingson , 2003).
2.2 SOUNDNESS
Determination of free lime
Procedure
1 g of sample weighed into the flask (about 500 ml flask with stopper)
In which 1-2 g of standard sand was added
And mixed thoroughly and added 40 ml of glycol and put the stopper on the flask
The sample is been Shacked vigorously and placed the flask in the oven at 65 – 70 degree for 30 minutes
solution is manually been sharked each 5 minute
then filtered the mixture under suction through a dry. Filter
the flask is been washed three times with methanol
and Added some three drops of bromophenol blue and titrate with 0.1 N HCl until colour changed.
Calculation
% free lime = factor X volume (ml) HCl …………2.1
(Habib And Vikingson, 2003).
2.3 FINNESS
2.4 Lost on ignition (LOI)
Procedure
An empty crucible is ignited for 5 minutes in the furnace (1000 degree) and allowed to it cooled down in the desiccators to ambient room temperature.
SAnd weighed the empty crucible
4 to 5 g of the sample is weighed into the crucible
And ignited the sample in a furnace at 1000 degree for 30 minutes and allow it to cool down to ambient temperature inside the desiccators and weighed again
Calculation LOI =………….. (2.2) (ASTM, 2009).
2.5 Cement chemical analysis: X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
Aim – determination of elemental composition of cement clinker raw meal and limestone
Procedure
the LOI is prepared using LOI procedure above
1.2 g of sample is weighed into crucible
And weighed 8.4 g of lithium borates
Then mixed the weighed sample and lithium borates
And Make a glass bead using claisse machine
Fig2.4 Claisier Leco Machine
Then Analyze the glass bead using XRF analyzer.
2.6 SEIVE RESEDUE(SR)
Aim – determination of grindability of the cement.
Procedure -20 grams of the sample weighed into 45 micron sieves. And placed the sieve containing the sample and covered on the alpine jet sieving machine
Fig2.5 Alpha jet
5 minutes is always used on each test
After which the residue is weighed to the nearest of 0.01 grams.
And Cleaned the micron sieve after every four test using ultrasonic device (Tsivilis, Kakali, Chaniotakis and Souvaridou, 1998).
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 RESULT
Table 3.1 calcium content of the three different Portland cement
Sample
C3S %
C2S %
C3A %
C4AF %
Sokoto cement
59.4193±0.1027
13.033±0.6246
9.8117±0.1002
11.1258±0.1002
Jk water proof
170.39±0.10027
0±0
1.5529±0.1074
1.2739±0.1092
White cement
207.4158±0.1083
0±0
4.6344±0.1074
2.5175±0.1022
Table3.1 are presented as mean ± standard deviation of (3) replicate
Table 3.2 Comparative strength (N/Nm2)
TIME
SOKOTO CEMENT
JK WATER PROOF
WHITE CEMENT
1DAY
10.1833
0.7667
0.6838
2DAYS
21.3
0.77
0.68
Table3.3 some chemical analysis of three difference Portland cement
PARAMETERS
SOKOTO CEMENT
JK WATER PROOP
WHITE CEMENT
LOI
6.21 %
7.9563 %
6.7358 %
FREE CaO
2.09 %
1.748 %
1.14 %
SR
10.15 macron
12.85 macron
11.7 macron
SO3
2.3115 %
0.3435
110.343 %
Table3.4 Oxide % content of three difference cement
Sample
AL2O3%
CaO%
Fe203%
K2O%
MgO%
Mn2O3%
P2O5%
SO3%
SiO2%
TiO2%
Sokoto cement
6.0873±
0.00308
66.0866±
0.0152
3.662±
0.1002
0.308±
0.0103
2.677±
0.00212
0.1417±
0.0021
0.663±
0.02101
2.277±
0.350
21.522±
0.001
0.2973±
0.0072
Jk water proof
2.2757±
0.00402
73.9093±
0.0000264
0.8286±
0.000564
0.4080±
0.00412
14.9065±
0.1884
0.0221±
0.00276
0.2289±
0.0210
0.6253±
0.0025
10.1315±
0.0280
0.1164±
0.0030
White cement
0.8513±
0.00152
59.337±
0.015
0.715±
0.00258
0.168±
0.0046
35.420±
0.00251
0.0342±
0.00046
0.1183±
0.0053
0.1231±
0.0735
8.5326±
0.0025
0.0728±
0.00074
Table3.4 are presented as mean ± standard deviation of (3) replicate
Chart 3.1Comparative strength of three different Portland cement (N/Nm2)
 |
| Chart 3.1Comparative strength of three different Portland cement (N/Nm2) |
3.2 DISCUSSION
3.2.1 Calcium content off three difference cement
The result of Calcium content of three different Portland cement is shown in table 3.1 The percentage Calcium Sulphate of Sokoto Cement was fond to be 59.4193±0.1027, 13.033±0.6246, 9.8117±0.1002 and 11.1258±0.1002 (BS, 1998). Which is higher compared to that of JK Water proof 170.39±0.10027, 0±0, 1.5529±0.1074 and1.2739±0.1092 (Michael
and John 1999). And White Cement 207.4158±0.1083,0±0, 4.6344±0.1074 and 2.5175±0.1022 (CCNN, 2009). The C3S of white Cement is higher than that of Sokoto and JK water proof but it has less remain in three calcium then Sokoto Cement, the higher Calcium content of Sokoto Cemen then Jk and white Cement make it better in terms of rapid hardening and setting time in which its strength reach the standard (ASTM, 2009). While JK and White Cement has not. The rapid hardening and setting time of Sokoto Cement make it suitable for work like building block then JK Water proof and White Cement that has lees and 0% C2S then Sokoto Cement (michael and john, 1999).
3.2.2 comparative strength of three different Portland cement
Table 3.2.2 shows the result of strength of three different cement, in day 1 Sokoto Cement has made 10.1833N/Nm2 While JK water proof and White Cement is 0.7667 N/Nm2 and 0.6538 N/Nm2 respectively (CCNN, 2009). The variation is very high which is resulted due to the rapid hardening of Sokoto Cement and very slow setting time of JK water proof and White Cement, the Sokoto Cement has reached the standard in one day strength which is 8-9 N/Nm2 While JK and White cement reach only 0% of the standard which shows that setting time of JK and White Cement is very slow in which resulted the lower strength of the 2 Cement (Habib and Vikingson, 2003).
In day 2 the Sokoto cement reached the strength of 21.3 N/Nm2 while JK water proof and White Cement are at the strength of 0.77 N/Nm2 and 0.68 N/Nm2 which is almost the same as the strength of day 1, its only Sokoto Cement reach the standard again which is 8-9 N/Nm2 , but JK water proof has made a little change but White Cement remain constant.
The in ability of JK water proof and White Cement to reach the standard shows that it’s not suitable for building block (Lea, 1998).
3.2.3 Lost on ignition (LOI)
LOI is a test design to measure the amount of purities or impurities lost when the sample is ignited under a specified condition (Mehraj and Bath, 2013). The Sokoto Cement has 6.21% LOI which is almost the same with that of White Cement which is 6.7358% and less then JK water proof that is 7.9563% (Moriki, 2013).
3.2.4 Free CaO %
The % free CaO is shown on the Table 3.3 Normally free lime( calcium oxide) is present in clinker whereas in the Cement a major portion of it is present as Calcium hydroxide. This is due to the fact that during the process of hydration it absorbs the Water either from the gypsum (moisture content) or from the high temperature developed during the process of grinding (Mehraj and Bath, 2013). The Sokoto Cement has twice different % of free lime then that of JK water proof and White Cement which is 2.09 %, 1.78 %, and 1.14 % respectively which make it more reactive (CCNN, 2009)
An increase in free lime increases the proportion of C2S and decreases the proportion of C3S in the clinker. C3S is much more reactive than C2S and is a more important contributor for 1 day strength (Lea, 1970).
Considering the fact that the cement contains high free lime it will result in Unsoundness in the cement produced. It gives volume instability leading to cracking. Hence the impact of free lime on the Cement and the concrete will be faster setting time, Higher heat of hydration, Lower strength levels with a brownish grey tinge in the color which has shown by JK Water proof and White Cement as in terms of rapid hardening and setting time in the strength above in table 3.2.
3.2.5sieve residue (SR)
The SR of Sokoto Cement, JK water proof and White Cement was found to be as follows 10.15 mcr, 12.85 mcr, and 11.7 mcr respectively (PCA, 1998). The different between JK water proof and Sokoto Cement is 2.0 mcr which shows that the finest and the reactivity with air of Sokoto cement is little diffrentas well as White Cement that differ with only 1.0 mcr, the particle size distribution of the Portland lime-stone Cement, as well as the fineness of clinker and limestone, is strongly connected with the limestone content and the fineness of the Cements.(Habib and vakingson, 2008)
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1CONCLUSION
The result obtained for comparative analysis of three different cement has shows that Sokoto Cement has high percentage of chemical content which make it to be suitable for all building and construction. This indicate that Sokoto Cement has higher strength, setting time and durability of Concrete .
Also the claim made by JK water proof and White Cement that their Cement has a rapid hardening property was disproved.
The JK water proof is the second among of the three cement due to the chemical content and strength on it that found to be higher than that of White Cement which make the White Cement lees in terms of chemical and physical properties. Generally Sokoto Cement can be regarded as the Cement with higher quality then the two other products and is suitable for all infrastructures mostly in the area where there is less water.
4.2 RECOMMENDATION
The research work is open for further investigation, it’s recommended that aspect such as toxicity, corrosive harm, and the destination (type) of each of the three different products should carried out.
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Kakali G, Tsivilis S, Aggeli E, Bati M. (2000) Hydration products of C3A, C3S and Portland cement in the presence of CaCO3. Cem Concr Res;30(7):1073–7
Lea, F. M.(1970) The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete (3rd edition); Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.;
Lea, F. M. (1970) The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete (3rd edition); Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.
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Retarder and filler in limestone blended cement, Ceram-Silik page (39) 15-19
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APENDIX
%LOI of Sokoto Cement
W2=4.144
W3=32.12
W4=31.9441
%LOI=
%LOI=
LOI=6.21%.
%LOI OF WHITE CEMENT
%LOI=
W2=4.1984
W3=42.5894
W4=42.3066
%LOI=
%LOI=6.7358
%LOI OF JK WATER PROOF
W2=38.59744
W3=42.7024
W4=42.3752
%LOI=
%LOI=
LOI=7.9564%
% FREE LIME OF SOKOTO CEMENT
%FREE LIME=tirtre valueXfactor
Tirtre =5.5 ml
Factor=0.38
% free lime=5.5X0.38
Freelime=2.09 %
%FREELIME OF WHITE CEMENT
%FREE LIME=tirtre valueXfactor
Tirtre value=3ml
Factor=0.38
%FREE LIME =3X0.38
FREELIME =1.14%
% FREELIME OF JK WATER PROOF
%FREE LIME=tirtre valueXfactor
Tirtre value=4.6
Factor=0.38
%FREELIME=4.6X0.38
FREELIME=1.748%
%SO3 SOKOTO CEMENT
%SO3=W2-W1X0.343X100
WHERE 0.343 IS A FACTOR (CONSTANT)
W1=26.4736
W2=26.5410
%SO3 = 26.5410-26X0.4736X100
SO3=2.3228%
%SO3 SOKOTO CEMENT
%SO3=W2-W1X0.343X100
W1=37.5332
W2=37.543FACTOR=0.343
%SO3=0.3635
%SO3 OF JK WATER PROOF
%SO3=W2-W1X0.343X100
W1=32.5673
W2=32.5773
FACTOR= 0.343
%SO3=32.5773-32.5673X0.343X100
%SO3=0.343
Table3.4 oxide% content of three difference cement
Sample
AL2O3%
CaO%
Fe203%
K2O%
MgO%
Mn2O3%
P2O5%
SO3%
SiO2%
TiO2%
Sokoto cement
6.0873±
0.00308
66.0866±
0.0152
3.662±
0.1002
0.308±
0.0103
2.677±
0.00212
0.1417±
0.0021
0.663±
0.02101
2.277±
0.350
21.522±
0.001
0.2973±
0.0072
Jk water proof
2.2757±
0.00402
73.9093±
0.0000264
0.8286±
0.000564
0.4080±
0.00412
14.9065±
0.1884
0.0221±
0.00276
0.2289±
0.0210
0.6253±
0.0025
10.1315±
0.0280
0.1164±
0.0030
White cement
0.8513±
0.00152
59.337±
0.015
0.715±
0.00258
0.168±
0.0046
35.420±
0.00251
0.0342±
0.00046
0.1183±
0.0053
0.1231±
0.0735
8.5326±
0.0025
0.0728±
0.00074
Table3.4 are presented as mean ± standard deviation of (3) replicate
Table3.3 some chemical analysis of three difference Portland cement
PARAMETERS
SOKOTO CEMENT
JK WATER PROOP
WHITE CEMENT
LOI
6.21 %
7.9563 %
6.7358 %
FREE CaO
2.09 %
1.748 %
1.14 %
SR
10.15 macron
12.85 macron
11.7 macron
SO3
2.3115 %
0.3435
110.343 %
Table 3.2 Comparative strength (N/Nm2)
TIME
SOKOTO CEMENT
JK WATER PROOF
WHITE CEMENT
1DAY
10.1833
0.7667
0.6838
2DAYS
21.3
0.77
0.68